References

INTRODUCTION

De Coubertin, Pierre, Description of the Olympic Logo
https://www.olympic.org/olympic-rings.

Rowbottom, Mike, “In search of Olympism at the Buenos Aires Youth Olympic Games,” Inside the Games, September 30, 2018, https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1070547/in-search-of-olympism-at-the-buenos-aires-youth-olympic-games.

De Coubertin, Pierre, Brainy Quote, https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/pierre_de_coubertin_140500.

Brean, Joseph, “Meghan Murphy, the woman behind trans wars breaking out at the public library,” National Post, October 29, 2019, https://nationalpost.com/news/meghan-murphy-the-woman-behind-trans-wars-breaking-out-at-the-public-library.

Singal, Jesse, “How the Fight Over Transgender Kids Got a Leading Sex Researcher Fired,” The Cut, February 7, 2016, https://www.thecut.com/2016/02/fight-over-trans-kids-got-a-researcher-fired.html.

Shrier, Abigail, Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2020).

Soh, Debra, The End of Gender: Debunking the Myths about Sex and Identity in Our Society (New York: Threshold, 2020).

Shrier, Abigail, @AbigailShrier, “Originally, @amazon refused to allow sponsored ads for my book…”, Twitter post, July 13, 2020

Originally, @amazon refused to allow sponsored ads for my book. If you enter keywords into amazon looking for a book, ads for books celebrating gender transition of teens would be made -- but NOT an ad for my book. https://t.co/WKIC6aysS1

Now, it's worse: /1
— Abigail Shrier (@AbigailShrier) July 14, 2020

Ellis, Roth, “Joe Rogan is Spreading Transphobic Hate Speech and It’s Putting Lives in Danger,” Men’s Health, July 22, 2020, https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a33391944/joe-rogan-abigail-shrier-interview-transphobia/.

Soh, Deborah, @DrDebraSoh, “What is this”, Twitter post, August 5, 2020

What is thishttps://t.co/psL7y7Quub pic.twitter.com/jFegXdCaBS
— ‘The Dr. Debra Soh Podcast’ is on all platforms (@DrDebraSoh) August 6, 2020

CHAPTER 1

IStandWithHer, @IStandWithHer1, Twitter Post, July 23, 2020

Yes, yes, @joerogan calling out Fallon Fox on his misogyny, brutality and lies is SOOOO TRANSPHOBIC. pic.twitter.com/dXb1nf6B4r
— VulvanTheOppressor (@IStandWithHer1) July 23, 2020

Tibby, @tibby17, Twitter Post, June 8, 2020, https://twitter.com/tibby17/status/1270232650037563392?s=20.

“After Being TKO’d by Fallon Fox, Tamikka Brents Says Transgender Fighters in MMA ‘Just Isn’t Fair’,” Cage Potato. Archived at Internet Archive Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/20171110025212/http://www.cagepotato.com/after-being-tkod-by-fallon-fox-tamikka-brents-says-transgender-fighters-in-mma-just-isnt-fair/.

Coleman-Phillips, Ceri, “Transgender rugby player playing with 'a smile on my face',” BBC Sports Wales, August 22, 2019,
https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/49298550.

“Transgender footballer Hannah Mouncey waits on AFLW draft call,” Herald Sun, October 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171014085939/www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/aflw/transgender-footballer-hannah-mouncey-waits-on-aflw-draft-call/news-story/123a463e71aa3c4b9bbd634724ce8f75.

Mouncey, Hannah, “AFL's trans participation policy sets a dangerous precedent for women,” The Guardian, September 2, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/sep/03/afls-trans-participation-policy-sets-a-dangerous-precedent-for-women.

CHAPTER 2

Mackay, Duncan, “Lewis: 'Who cares I failed drug test?',” The Guardian, April 24, 2003, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/apr/24/athletics.duncanmackay.

The Canadian Encyclopedia, “Dubin Inquiry,” February 7, 2006, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dubin-inquiry.

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sports, “Creating Inclusive Environments for Trans Participants in Canadian Sport, Guidance for Sport Organizations,” 2017, https://cces.ca/sites/default/files/content/docs/pdf/cces-transinclusionpolicyguidance-e.pdf.

CHAPTER 3

Zuby, @zubymusic, “I keep hearing about how biological men don't have any physical strength advantage over women in 2019...”, Twitter post, February 26, 2019

I keep hearing about how biological men don't have any physical strength advantage over women in 2019...

So watch me DESTROY the British Women's deadlift record without trying.

P.S. I identified as a woman whilst lifting the weight. Don't be a bigot. 😂 pic.twitter.com/dYRraHCB42
— ZUBY: (@ZubyMusic) February 26, 2019

Zuby, “Joe Rogan on Rapper Zuby's Deadlift Record,” YouTube video, March 21, 2019

The Joe Rogan Experience #1346, “Zuby,” September 5, 2019

Smith College, “NCAA Policy on Transgender Student-Athlete Participation,” https://www.smith.edu/admission/studygroup/docs/NCAA-Policy-on-Transgender-Student.pdf.

Urbanski, Dave, “Hurdler born male but competing as female easily takes NCAA women’s national championship,” The Blaze, May 28, 2019, https://www.theblaze.com/news/hurdler-born-male-but-competing-as-female-easily-takes-ncaa-womens-national-championship.

Denny, Doreen, “University Forced to Rescind Transgender Sports Policy,” press release, Concerned Women for America, October 16, 2020, https://concernedwomen.org/press-release-university-forced-to-rescind-transgender-sports-policy/.

U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice, “Dear Colleague Letter on Transgender Students,” May 13, 2016, https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201605-title-ix-transgender.pdf.

Eaton-Robb, Pat, “Transgender sprinters finish 1st, 2nd at Connecticut girls indoor track championships,” Washington Times, February 24, 2019, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/feb/24/terry-miller-andraya-yearwood-transgender-sprinter/.

TeamUnify, “Connecticut Interscholastic Athletics Conference Handbook, 2017–2018,” https://www.teamunify.com/cthsc/UserFiles/File/ciachandbook_1718.pdf.

Soule v. Connecticut Association of Schools Inc., Case 3:20-cv-00201, U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut, February 12, 2020, https://www.adflegal.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/Soule%20v.%20Connecticut%20Association%20of%20Schools%20-%20Complaint.pdf.

PragerU, “The End of Women’s Sports”, YouTube video with Selina Soule narrating, Nov. 16, 2020

Keni Lesa, Mata’afa, “Hubbard moment the biggest and most blatant injustice in Samoa XVI Pacific Games,” Samoa Observer, July 15, 2019, https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/45741.

Christie, James, “Slight against transsexual rival could cost racer,” The Globe and Mail, August 5, 2006, https://www.theglobe-andmail.com/sports/slight-against-transsexual-rival-could-cost-racer/article4109728/.

Savage Minds, Julian Vigo interviews UCI masters’ cyclist Jennifer Wagner-Assali on competing with transgender cyclist Rachel McKinnon/Veronica Ivy, Apple Podcast, February 4, 2021, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jennifer-wagner-assali/id1535634480?i=1000507816827

Transgender Archives, “Veronica Ivy — Visiting Speaker,” YouTube video, March 6, 2019

Perraudin, Frances, “Martina Navratilova criticized over ‘cheating’ trans women comments,” The Guardian, February 17, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/feb/17/martina-navratilova-criticised-over-cheating-trans-women-comments.

Reza, Rebecca, “Transgender Cyclist Rachel McKinnon Wins Second-Straight World Masters Title,” Bicycling, October 24, 2019, https://www.bicycling.com/news/a29578581/rachel-mckinnon-world-championship-masters-win-transgender-sport-debate/.

Moody, Louise, “Open Letter to Larry Krasnoff (Philosophy, College of Charleston), John Gordon (Director, how to: Academy), and Little, Brown and Company concerning Dr Rachel McKinnon’s Social Media Conduct,” August 26, 2019, https://medium.com/@drlouisejmoody/open-letter-to-larry-krasnoff-philosophy-college-of-charleston-john-gordon-director-how-to-c028cab5fc86.

CHAPTER 4

SkyNews, “Trans cyclist defends her right to race in women's competitions,” YouTube video, October 18, 2019

Aba & Preach, “These transgender athletes are straight up lying,” YouTube video, December 8, 2019

Butler, Tijen, “Ten transgender athletes explain why it’s fair to compete,” Pink News, April 4, 2019, https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/04/04/transgender-athletes-why-fair-compete/.

World Athletics results for male and female in running and throwing events at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio; a comparison of the performances of female champions with the males who finished last in the men’s final, https://www.worldathletics.org/results/olympic-games/2016/the-xxxi-olympic-games-7093747

College of Charleston, “McKinnon annual evaluation 2019,” College of Charleston, May 11, 2020, https://archive.md/mwiDP.

McKinnon, Rachel, “Reasonable Assertions: On Norms of Assertion and Why You Don't Need to Know What You're Talking About,” doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo, 2012, https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6619.

CHAPTER 5

Aaron, Charlene, “4,000% Explosion in Kids Identifying as Transgender, Docs Perform Double Mastectomies on Healthy Teen Girls,” CBN News, September 19, 2018, https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2018/september/4-000-explosion-in-kids-identifying-as-transgender-docs-perform-double-mastectomies-on-healthy-teen-girls.

Barns, Katie, “What does the journey of transgender wrestler Mack Beggs teach us?”, ESPN, September 20, 2019, https://www.espn.com/espnw/voices/story/_/id/27652214/what-does-journey-transgender-wrestler-mack-beggs-teach-us.

Athletics Alberta, “Athletics Alberta Code of Conduct and Ethics,” https://athleticsalberta.com/wp-content/uploads/Code-of-Conduct-and-Ethics-New-2019.pdf.

Melloy, Kilian, “Canadian Soccer Player Rebecca Quinn Comes Out as Trans,” Edge Media Network, September 9, 2020, https://boston.edgemedianetwork.com/story.php?296967.

Canada Soccer, National Team Roster, https://canadasoccer.com/national-teams/excel-teams/?gender=female&teamId=2070. (Retrieved January 3, 2020.)

CHAPTER 6

Shrier, Abigail, Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2020).

Independent Women’s Forum, Facebook panel on transgender women in female sports, November 19, 2019, https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=801278503658174&id=11602044174&_rdr.

City News, “Toronto Furies forward Jessica Platt comes out as transgender,” January 11, 2018, https://toronto.citynews.ca/2018/01/11/toronto-furies-forward-jessica-platt-comes-transgender/.

Bragagnolo, Carla, “Playing Hockey As Who I Was Meant To Be: Jessica Platt,” Notable Life, March 31, 2018, https://notablelife.com/playing-hockey-as-who-i-was-meant-to-be-jessica-platt/.

SportsNet, “How Pro Hockey Player Jessica Platt Is Celebrating Pride In 2020,” June 28, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzhJ6X6mJK8.

Gustafsson, Thomas and Stefan Arver, “New study on changes in muscle mass and strength after gender-affirming treatment may have an impact on sports regulations,” Karolinska Institutet News, December 11, 2019, https://news.ki.se/new-study-on-changes-in-muscle-mass-and-strength-after-gender-affirming-treatment-may-have-an.

Kudybyn, Igor et al., “Optimal Body Masses for Different Olympic Sports,” Innovative Biosystems and Bioengineering 2(3): 183-195, October 2018, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Average-weights-and-speeds-of-athletes-for-different-distances-and-sports_tbl1_328055482.

Ernesto, Miguel, “The 10 fastest Caribbean male and female sprinters of all time,” Pan American World, October 2018, https://panamericanworld.com/en/magazine/sports/the-10-fastest-caribbean-male-and-female-sprinters-of-all-time/.

Allison, Zack, “Male to Female, What’s the power difference on the bike?” Source Endurance, June 29, 2016, https://source-e.net/rider-resources/male-female-whats-power-difference-bike/#:~:text=Average%20Woman's%20power%20from%20top,male%20not%20a%20pro%20male.

International Powerlifting Federation, Records, https://www.powerlifting.sport/championships/records.

Keys, Marc, “Elite Strength Sports (IPF and IWF) a Comparison of Sex and Performance,” Cast Iron Strength, May 2, 2010, https://www.castironstrength.com/elite-strength-sports-ipf-and-iwf-a-comparision-of-sex-and-performance/.

Skraba, Ziga P., “Women’s World Records Compared Against Men’s World Records in Track & Field,” Online Blog, September 15, 2016,
https://zigapskraba.com/2016/09/15/womens-world-records-compared-against-mens-world-records-in-track-field/.

Lee, Antonia, “Myonuclei: the male-to-female sporting advantage,” Medium.com, Jan. 17, 2019, https://medium.com/@Antonia_Lee/myonuclei-the-male-to-female-sporting-advantage-ae205110d4b2.

Boys vs Women, Data showing that it is at the age of 15 years when the top male surpasses the women’s world record in the 100m sprint, http://boysvswomen.com/#/world-record.

Williams, Nicola, “Roller Derby — the original female-only sport is now open to males,” Fair Play for Women, September 26, 2019, https://fairplayforwomen.com/rderby/.

Kendall, Lara, “Save Women,” Save Women’s Sports, Aug. 29, 2019, https://savewomenssports.com/save-womens-sports-blog/f/save-women?fbclid=IwAR3B5abTutH72JwxHP9lbSnyMm3eOevd683JCfDBMScmIjitnQxDBmfygGg.

Vigo, Julian, “Jennifer Wagner-Assali,” Savage Minds Podcast, February 4, 2021
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jennifer-wagner-assali/id1535634480?i=1000507816827.

Save Women’s Sports, “The Future of Female Sports: TITLE IX,” webinar, October 4, 2020

Legg, Timothy J. “Learned helplessness in adults,” Medical News Today, May 31, 2019, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325355#theory.

Women’s Sports Foundation, “Benefits — Why Sports Participation for Girls and Women.” https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/advocacy/benefits-sports-participation-girls-women/.

Hinds, Rebecca, “The 1 Trait 94 Percent of C-Suite Women Share (And How to Get It),” Inc., February 8, 2018, https://www.inc.com/rebecca-hinds/the-1-trait-94-percent-of-c-suite-women-share-and-how-to-get-it.html.

CHAPTER 7

Walker, Julian, “Legislative Summary of Bill C-16: An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code, 42nd Parliament, 1st Session,” Parliament of Canada Research Publications, October 21, 2016, https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/LegislativeSummaries/421C16E.

Judo Canada, Policy on Transgender Athletes, August 7, 2017, https://www.judocanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Policy_On_Transgender_Athletes_August_7_2017.pdf.

International Olympic Committee, “IOC Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism,” November 2015, https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Commissions_PDFfiles/Medical_commission/2015-11_ioc_consensus_meeting_on_sex_reassignment_and_hyperandrogenism-en.pdf.

Hilton, E.N., Lundberg, T.R. Transgender, “Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage,” Sports Med 51, 199–214 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01389-3.

Harper, Joanna, “Race Times for Transgender Athletes,” Journal of Sporting Cultures and Identities 6(1), 2015, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1e6a/bd2c1e03ba88e9ac8da94ea1d69ff3f4878a.pdf?_ga=2.221245272.1728365364.1598100083-566539406.1598100083.

JISCM@il, “Email discussion lists for the UK Education and Research communities,” [email protected], Jan. 4, 2010, https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ind1001&L=PHD-DESIGN&P=R1285&1=PHD-DESIGN&9=A&I=-3&J=on&X=C96CD75D8CFFD95668&Y

Elsas, Louis et al. “Gender verification of female athletes,” Nature 2(4), July/August 2000, https://www.nature.com/articles/gim2000258.pdf?origin=ppub.

Save Women’s Sports, “The Future of Female Sports: The Olympics,” webinar, September 27, 2020

Paradox Institute, “Testosterone and Beyond: The Male Advantage,” YouTube video, October 17, 2020

Save Women’s Sports, Petition to the IOC, https://savewomenssports.com/iocpetition.

CHAPTER 8

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sports, Annual Reports, https://cces.ca/annual-reports.

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sports, “Creating Inclusive Environments for Trans Participants in Canadian Sport: Guidance for Sport Organizations,” August 15, 2016, https://cces.ca/sites/default/files/content/docs/pdf/cces-transinclusionpolicyguidance-e.pdf.

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sports, “Sport in Transition: Making Sport in Canada More Responsible for Gender Inclusivity,” July 2012, https://cces.ca/sites/default/files/content/docs/pdf/cces-paper-sportintransition-e1.pdf.

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sports,““Sport in Transition” paper supports the rights of transgender and intersex athletes,” October 23, 2012, https://cces.ca/news/sport-transition-paper-supports-rights-transgender-and-intersex-athletes.

Malina, Robert and Claude Bouchard, Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity (Champagne, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 2004).

Beunen, Gaston and Jan Borms, “Kinanthropometry: Roots, Developments and Future,” Journal of Sports Sciences 8(1-15), 1990, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640419008732127?journalCode=rjsp20.

Beard, Jan, “Spike in demand for treatment of transgender teens,” CBC News, March 4, 2019, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/trans-teens-ottawa-cheo-demand-1.5026034.

Kay, Barbara, “Canadian sports ‘experts’ embrace misogynist practices to please trans activists,” The Post Millennial, February 25, 2019, https://thepostmillennial.com/canadian-sports-experts-embrace-misogynist-practices-to-please-trans-activists%EF%BB%BF/.

Egale Canada, “Panel on LGBTQI2S Inclusion in Sports,” Facebook video, August 19, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/EgaleCanada/videos/586995541969389.

World Para Athletics, “Classification in Para Athletics,” https://www.paralympic.org/athletics/classification.

Greenemeier, Larry, “Blade Runners: Do High-Tech Prostheses Give Runners an Unfair Advantage?”, Scientific American, August 5, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blade-runners-do-high-tech-prostheses-give-runners-an-unfair-advantage/.

CHAPTER 9

Fair Play for women writes about the problems encountered by World Rugby https://fairplayforwomen.com/worldrugby/.

Blade, Linda, “Keeping Male Bodies Out of Women’s Rugby,” Quillette, September 27, 2020, https://quillette.com/2020/09/27/keeping-male-bodies-out-of-womens-rugby/.
Coleman-Phillips, Ceri, “Transgender rugby player playing with ‘a smile on my face’”, BBC Sports, Wales, 22Aug 20, https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/49298550.

World Rugby, “Chairman Bill Beaumont has revealed the sport's governing body will carry out a wide-ranging review of their policies relating to transgender players,” February 22, 2020, https://www.rugby.com.au/news/2020/02/21/world-rugby-transgender-players.

Ross Tucker offers a lecture on the new World Rugby 2020 Transgender guidelines, November 2020

World Rugby, Summary of Transgender Biology and Performance Research https://resources.world.rugby/worldrugby/document/2020/10/09/a67e3cc3-7dea-4f1e-b523-2cba1073729d/Transgender-Research_Summary-of-data_ENGLISH-09.10.2020.pdf.

Hilton, E.N. and T.R. Lundberg, “Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage.” Sports Med, 51, 199–214 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01389-3.

https://resources.world.rugby/worldrugby/document/2020/10/09/a67e3cc3-7dea-4f1e-b523-2cba1073729d/Transgender-Research_Summary-of-data_ENGLISH-09.10.2020.pdf.

Berg, Alex, “World Rugby’s transgender ban a ‘dangerous precedent,’” Out News, October, 27, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/world-rugby-s-transgender-ban-dangerous-precedent-critics-say-n1244802.

USA Rugby, “USA Rugby Responds to Updated World Rugby Transgender Athlete Policy,” October 9, 2020, https://www.usa.rugby/2020/10/usa-rugby-response-to-updated-world-rugby-transgender-athlete-policy/.

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport and Canadian Women & Sport, letter to World Rugby CEO, November 27, 2020, https://cces.ca/sites/default/files/content/docs/pdf/ccesandcws-lettertoworldrugby-e.pdf.

Ripx4nutmeg, @ripx4nutmeg, Twitter post with screen capture of McKinnon/Ivy’s sudden desire to play rugby (Her Thighness, @sportIsARight, Oct. 27, 2020), November 9, 2020

6 foot tall Veronica Ivy / Rachel McKinnon, who 'came out' as a woman aged 29 and then won the world track cycle championship in the women's category, has said they will start playing women's rugby, and their strength will be their 'power' pic.twitter.com/qQb36tyyig
— ripx4nutmeg (@ripx4nutmeg) November 9, 2020

CHAPTER 10

Abrahamson, Alan, “In the matter of '46 XY DSD' cases: the IAAF is right,” Wire Sports, May 3, 2019, https://www.3wiresports.com/articles/2019/5/3/in-the-matter-of-46-xy-dsd-cases-the-iaaf-is-right.

Dunbar, Graham and Gerald Imray, “Caster Semenya loses bid to have IAAF testosterone regulations overturned,” CBC News, September 8, 2020, https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/trackandfield/caster-semenya-appeal-testosterone-rules-dismissed-1.5715936.

Spencer, Donna, “Canada’s sport and science minister slams ruling on Caster Semenya,” Toronto Star, May 1, 2019, https://www.thestar.com/sports/amateur/2019/05/01/canadas-sport-and-science-minister-slams-ruling-on-caster-semenya.html.

Melia, Paul, “The Decision Against Caster Semenya is Flawed,” Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sports blog, https://cces.ca/blog/decision-against-caster-semenya-is-flawed.

CBC Sports,“After Rio heartbreak, Melissa Bishop never wants 4th place again,” video, 2017, https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1018699843510.

CHAPTER 11

Canadian Women & Sport, “Leading the Way: LGBTQI2S Inclusion in Sports, Workshops and Presentations,” 2020, https://womenandsport.ca/learning-opportunities/presentations/lgbtqi2s-inclusion-in-sport/.

Canadian Women and Sport, “CAAWS rebrands as Canadian Women & Sport,” 2020, https://womenandsport.ca/introducing-canadian-women-and-sport/.

Boxing Canada, “Transgender Policy,” 2020-2024 Strategic Plan, https://boxingcanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Transgender-Policy.pdf

Green, Melanie and Perrin Grauer, “‘The guilt still lingers’: Following sex abuse allegations, two longtime Canadian track coaches get lifetime ban from Athletics Canada,” Toronto Star, May 7, 2019, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2019/05/06/athletics-canada-report-calls-for-expulsion-of-coaches-condemns-ottawa-lions-track-and-field-club-in-wake-of-sexual-abuse-allegations.html.

Canadian Women & Sport, @WomenandSportCA, Twitter post on the threat posed by recreation and sports spaces to trans kids, Canadian Women & Sport, July 22, 2018,

Sex-segregated sport & physical recreation spaces place trans kids in harm’s way. Predicated on the assumption that there are only two, fundamentally different sexes & that boys & men have unfair athletic advantage over girls & women. https://t.co/pOyBOKUKtq
— Canadian Women & Sport | Femmes et sport Canada (@WomenandSportCA) July 23, 2018

Canadian Women & Sport, “Keep Girls in Sport” E-Learning module, a Respect Group production, 2020,
https://womenandsport.ca/learning-opportunities/e-learning/.

Slatz, Anna, “Faced with Gender Propaganda at the Hockey Rink, One Coach Says No,” Quillette, January 22, 2020, https://quillette.com/2020/01/22/faced-with-gender-propaganda-at-the-hockey-rink-one-coach-says-no/.

CHAPTER 12

White House Briefing Room, “Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation,” January 20, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-preventing-and-combating-discrimination-on-basis-of-gender-identity-or-sexual-orientation/.

Lightfoot, Xavier D. and Devon D. Williams, “For Employers: Understanding the Supreme Court’s Title VII Ruling,” The National Law Review, August 12, 2020, https://www.natlawreview.com/article/employers-understanding-supreme-court-s-title-vii-ruling.

Murphy, Meghan, “President Joe Biden’s executive order erase women’s rights?”, Feminist Current, Podcast, February 4, 2021, https://www.feministcurrent.com/2021/02/04/podcast-will-president-joe-bidens-executive-order-erase-womens-rights/.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Title IX, American Law,” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Title-IX.

Ohio University, “Understanding the Importance of Title IX,” Online Blog, January 27, 2020, https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/blog/understanding-the-importance-of-title-ix/.

Women’s Sports Foundation, “Benefits – Why Sports Participation for Girls and Women,” August 30, 2016, https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/advocacy/benefits-sports-participation-girls-women/#:~:text=Girls%20and%20women%20who%20play,who%20do%20not%20play%20sports.

Shrier, Abigail, “Joe Biden’s First Day Began the End of Girls’ Sports,” WSJ Opinion, Jan. 22, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/joe-bidens-first-day-began-the-end-of-girls-sports-11611341066.

Save Women’s Sports, “Beth Stelzer on Fox News – America Reports, YouTube video, Jan. 26, 2021

Media Clips, “Kara Dansky – Enshrining gender identity and LGBTQ hurts girls and women,” YouTube video showing Fox News, clip of Tucker Carlson interviewing Kara Dansky (Date aired: Jan. 22, 2021), Jan. 24, 2021

Aliance Defending Freedom, “Fox and Friends – Christiana Holcomb, Selina Soule, Chelsea Mitchell, Alanna Smith,” YouTube video, Jan. 27, 2021

Wiley, Marcellus, @marcelluswiley, Twitter post, Jan. 29, 2021,

As a father of 3 daughters & the husband to a former collegiate athlete, this hits home in a special way🤯It’s time to create a separate transgender category in competition!
Also think it’s time for me to start a podcast bcuz some things need to be discussed in detail!💯#respect pic.twitter.com/FFhmZutmmP
— Marcellus Wiley 🧢 (@marcelluswiley) January 30, 2021

Bilek, Jennifer, The 11th Hour Blog, https://www.the11thhourblog.com/.

Shrier, Abigail, “Amazon Enforces ‘Trans’ Orthodoxy,” WSJ Opinion, June 22, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-enforces-trans-orthodoxy-11592865818.

McCarty, Meghan, “What’s Current: Target backtracks on Abigail Shrier book ban; puts ‘Irreversible Damage’ back on shelves,” Feminist Current, November 13, 2020, https://www.feministcurrent.com/2020/11/13/whats-current-target-backtracks-on-abigail-shrier-book-ban-puts-irreversible-damage-back-on-shelves/.

Munk Debates, https://munkdebates.com/.

Munk Debates, “Trans Athletes and Fairness,” Munk Debates podcast, Jan. 27, 2021, https://munkdebates.com/podcast/trans-athletes-and-fairness.

Wax-Thibodeaux, Emily, and Samantha Schmidt, “Transgender girls are at the center of America’s culture wars, yet again,” The Washington Post, Jan. 29, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/transgender-girls-are-at-the-center-of-americas-culture-wars-yet-again/2021/01/29/869133d6-602c-11eb-afbe-9a11a127d146_story.html.

Higerd, Gabriel A., “Assessing the Potential Transgender Impact on Girl Champions in American High School Track and Field,” PQDT Open, United States Sports Academy, 2021, 168; 28313943, https://www.proquest.com/docview/2480634630/2CEF4D1198EF41A5PQ/1.

Declaration on Women’s Sex-Based Rights, website, https://www.womensdeclaration.com/en/.

Adams, Justin, “Colorado Athlete Madison Kenyon Joins Fight for Ban on Transgender Athletes in Idaho,” CBSN Denver, August 9, 2020, https://denver.cbslocal.com/2020/08/09/transgender-athletes-idaho-colorado/.

Save Women’s Sports, U.S. State Legislation section of website, a list of states that have bills protecting female sports, https://savewomenssports.com/state-legislation.

Justice, Tristan, “Montana ACLU Threatens To Go After State’s Federal Funding Over Barring Men From Women’s Sports,” The Federalist, January 27, 2021, https://thefederalist.com/2021/01/27/montana-aclu-threatens-to-go-after-states-federal-funding-over-barring-men-from-womens-sports/.

Save Women’s Sports, “ACLU supports all male female sports teams – Montana HB112 Hearing,” YouTube video, January 20, 2021

Padgett, Donald, “White House to Fox News Question: ‘Tran Rights are Human Rights’, Out Magazine, February 10, 2021, https://www.out.com/news/2021/2/10/white-house-fox-news-question-trans-rights-are-human-rights.

Congress.Gov, “H.R.8932 – Protect Women’s Sports Act of 2020,” Introduced in the House on December 10, 2020, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/8932.

Women’s Declaration – USA branch, “Equality for All Act,” 2021, https://womensdeclaration.com/en/country-info/united-states-america/whrc-usa/usa-news/.

Brennan, Christine, “Sports leaders seek to protect women’s sports while accommodating transgender girls and women,” USA Today, Feb. 1, 2021, https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2021/02/01/group-protect-womens-sports-accommodate-transgender-athletes/4345854001/.

World Rugby, “Landmark World Rugby transgender workshop important step towards appropriate rugby-specific policy,” Website Blog, Feb. 27, 2020, https://www.world.rugby/news/563437.

CONCLUSION

“Figure skating scandal at 2002 Games ushered in scoring reform: Vote-trading scheme initially denied Canadian pair of gold medal,” CBC Sports, January 12, 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figureskating/olympics-figure-skating-reforms-sale-pelletier-1.4484433.

Rempel, Michelle, “Bill C-16, An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code,” remarks, House of Commons Debate, November 18, 2016, https://openparliament.ca/debates/2016/11/18/michelle-rempel-1/.

Government of Canada, Constitution Act 1982, https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-15.html.

Fair Play for Women website, https://fairplayforwomen.com/.

Save Women’s Sports website, https://savewomenssports.com/.

Canadian Women’s Sex-Based Rights website, https://www.cawsbar.ca/.

The Science of Sport website, https://sportsscientists.com/.

World Rugby, “World Rugby approves updated transgender participation guidelines,” October 9, 2020, https://www.world.rugby/news/591776/world-rugby-approves-updated-transgender-participation-guidelines.

Blade, Linda, “Keeping Male Bodies Out of Women’s Rugby,” Quillette, September 27, 2020, https://quillette.com/2020/09/27/keeping-male-bodies-out-of-womens-rugby/.

Steltzer, Beth, “We must save women’s sports for women,” StarTribune, August 20, 2020, https://www.startribune.com/we-must-save-women-s-sports-for-women/572176032/.

Save Women’s Sports actively promoting, assisting and tracking bills being introduced by USA State Legislatures to protect women’s sports.
https://savewomenssports.com/state-legislation.

USA Powerlifting, “USA Powerlifting 2019 NGB Transgender Policy Change Discussion,” May 10, 2019

Athletics Alberta, Code of Conduct and Ethics, https://athleticsalberta.com/wp-content/uploads/Code-of-Conduct-and-Ethics-New-2019.pdf.

Olympic Channel, “Daley Thompson,” https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/athletes/detail/daley-thompson/.

Team Canada website, “Alison Sydor,” https://olympic.ca/team-canada/alison-sydor/.

This is Volleyball, “Ana Paula Connelly,”
https://www.fivb.com/en/beachvolleyball/beachplayersdatabase/102527-ana-paula-connelly.

Encyclopedia Britannica, “Martina Navratilova,” https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martina-Navratilova.

Evans, Zachary, “Idaho Governor Signs Bill Barring Male Athletes from Women’s Sports,” National Review, March 31, 2020, https://www.nationalreview.com/news/idaho-gov-signs-bill-barring-male-athletes-from-womens-sports/.

Senator Claire Chandler, “An important update on free speech in Australia,” YouTube video, September 3, 2020

Twitter Post, @tatereeves, February 4, 2021

If there’s one thing that we are passionate about in the Reeves family, it’s my daughters’ sports. I know that the lessons learned through team sports have led to so many successful lives and careers for women and have truly helped provide a more equal opportunity for success.
— Tate Reeves (@tatereeves) February 4, 2021

Congress.Gov, “H.R.8932 – Protect Women’s Sports Act of 2020,” Introduced in the House on December 10, 2020, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/8932.

Women’s Declaration – USA branch, “Equality for All Act,” 2021, https://womensdeclaration.com/en/country-info/united-states-america/whrc-usa/usa-news/.

Women’s Liberation Front (WOLF) submits petition to the USA Department of Education, February 10, 2021, https://www.womensliberationfront.org/news/wolf-petition-ed-dept-save-title-ix.

Frum, Linda, “The big problem with Canada’s transgender rights bill,” Toronto Sun, June 17, 2017, https://torontosun.com/2017/06/17/the-big-problem-with-canadas-transgender-rights-bill.

Fair Play for Women, “The Equality Act 2010: A woman’s right to single-sex spaces and services,” January 4, 2018, https://fairplayforwomen.com/equality-act-2010_womens-rights/.

Blade, Linda, @coachblade, A response in a conversation about “open” and “female” categories in sports, Twitter post, October 20, 2018

Yup!
Option 3 (best) or Option 5 (maybe).
All others options render women’s #athletics meaningless.#gender #inclusion in #sport #yeg #SportPerformance pic.twitter.com/VLHtlCVwP2
— Linda Blade (@coachblade) October 21, 2018

Lehmann, Claire, “Dilemma of transgender women who want to play sport,” The Australian, February 12, 2021, https://www.theaustralian.com.au/commentary/dilemma-of-transgender-women-who-want-to-play-sport/news-story/744d7e885ebde471f58804936537f754.

Quillette Editorial, “Accommodating Trans Athletes Without Rejecting the Reality of Human Biology,” Quillette, February 17, 2021, https://quillette.com/2021/02/17/accommodating-trans-athletes-without-rejecting-the-reality-of-human-biology/

EPILOGUE 1

Kay, Barbara, “Transgender sports policies have thrown fair play out the window,” National Post, October 23, 2020, https://nationalpost.com/opinion/barbara-kay-transgender-sports-policies-have-thrown-fair-play-out-the-window.

EPILOGUE 2

Kay, Barbara, “I know a misogynistic sports policy when I see it,” National Post, November 6, 2020, https://nationalpost.com/opinion/barbara-kay-i-know-a-misogynistic-sports-policy-when-i-see-it.

Hilton, Emma, @FondOfBeetles, “Without a sex-based category for female athletes…”, Twitter post, November 7, 2020

‘First they justified trans women competing with women because they had “always” felt they were female. Then they say the “always” female trans athlete might “be” male for certain sports or at different times.’@EthicsInSPORT
— Emma Hilton (@FondOfBeetles) November 7, 2020